What Is A Cargo Manifest In Shipping?

A cargo manifest is a consolidated list of all the cargo that is on board a cargo vessel. The list of all cargo carried on the vessel will appear under the vessel name and identification marks of the vessel.

It would also show the route taken by the vessel. A manifest, in general, is a complete list of the cargo or passengers. Just like the cargo manifest, the passenger manifest lists details of all the passengers who are onboard a ship or airplane. This list would include details of the crew members as well.

Typically, a cargo manifest would list all the bills of ladings along with the above details and the total number of goods being transported shown per bill of lading. However, the individual bills of ladings will be attached to this cover sheet.

We can see how the cargo manifest works in this example given below.

Customer A in Djibouti buys 1000 gensets from company B in Kolkata, India. Company B ships these gensets by a cargo vessel. The vessel carries other electrical goods and consumer durables meant for customers en route and in Djibouti.

The cargo manifest of the ship will show the 1000 gensets purchased by customer A as well as the other electrical goods and consumer durables that are shipped on the vessel for the other customers.

Customs authorities at the respective ports will need to review and confirm the cargo manifest against the actual cargo being unloaded at these destinations.

As we can see in this example, the cargo manifest is a very important document for the shipment of goods without which goods cannot be unloaded at their destination ports or loaded from their load ports.

Typical Contents of a Cargo Manifest

Generally, the following details are shown in cargo manifests:

• Operator name and details
• Consignor information
• Document or Bill of Lading number
• Quantity, type, and description of goods
• Consignee information
• Shipping route

Who Uses the Cargo Manifest and Why?

While the cargo manifest is important to all concerned parties to the cargo carried on the ship, most importantly, it is the port customs who require the cargo manifest to allow the ship to unload its cargo on the port. It is usually the responsibility of the chief officer of the ship to submit the cargo manifest to the port customs.

Also called the first mate, the chief officer is in charge of the cargo that is onboard the vessel. The loading, unloading, stowage, and lashing of the cargo all come under the chief officer’s scope of responsibilities.

Answerable to the captain of the vessel, his duties may sometimes include the safety of the vessel and its sailors/passengers.

The typical cargo manifest lists all the goods that are on the ship though it may be meant for several different destinations. The details that it contains include the item name, quantity and weight of the item, type of item, the name and address of the consignor, and the name and address of the consignee that each item is headed to at the destination port.

In most cases, the cost of each item is also shown. The list is prepared according to the bills of ladings and the goods loaded from each port of call.

It is a convenient tick-list for the cargo vessel’s first mate or chief officer as each consignment is offloaded at their destination ports.

The Different Shipping Manifests

Freight Manifest

While the cargo manifest shows the name of the item, quantity and weight of each item, type of the item, and the name and address of the consignor and consignee, the freight manifest will also show the freight charges for each consignment on board the vessel. This is done for the collection of freight charges from the consignor at the port of origin or the consignee of the shipment from the port of discharge. The freight manifest may also be used for the calculation of freight commission, etc.

Hazardous Cargo Manifest

The hazardous cargo manifest lists all those goods or hazardous materials (HAZMAT) that are classified as hazardous cargo, carried onboard the ship. The details are as provided by the shipper following the correct hazardous cargo classification. Without the correct details, hazardous cargo will not be loaded onboard a vessel. This manifest has to be provided to the port and customs authorities, following the stipulated guidelines, before the vessel sails from the load port or reaches the port of discharge.

The hazardous cargo manifest would also show the International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) codes of such goods, Medical First Aid Guide (MFAG) details, etc.

The IMDG code is a set of directives for the shipping of dangerous goods by a transport vessel. It is issued by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and updated once every two years. When hazardous materials are packed, the shipper has the responsibility of following the IMDG codes in packing that ensure its safety during the transport.

MFAG is a guide that is published by the World Health Organization (WHO) for handling accidents that involve dangerous goods, especially chemicals. It lists safety measures, first aid, and emergency procedures that are to be followed in the case of an accident where dangerous chemicals are involved.

While onboard the cargo vessel, hazardous materials will follow a separate cargo stowage plan and handling instructions.

Examples of hazardous cargo are certain toxic or corrosive chemicals, compressed gases, radioactive materials, explosive materials, etc.

Reefer Manifest

A reefer or a refrigerated container is a shipping container that is used to transport cargo that is sensitive to extreme temperatures and temperature fluctuations.

Such cargo may consist of food items, pharmaceutical drugs, or sensitive electronic equipment that have to be stored and transported at specific temperatures and humidity levels.

A reefer normally operates using an internal refrigeration system or a genset. However, they may require external power during transportation over long distances.

A reefer manifest will have all the details of the refrigerated containers that are onboard the vessel for delivery to the different consignees at different destinations. The details would include the temperature settings, humidity settings, and other such requirements of the reefer containers onboard.

Out of Gauge Manifest

What is an Out of Gauge (OOG) cargo? An out of gauge cargo is cargo that cannot be packed in a box or does not conform to a square or rectangular packing. Also known as OOG cargo or AIL (Abnormal Indivisible Loads) such cargo may be abnormally shaped, sized, or have protrusions that require special packing and stacking requirements whether at storage or on the vessel. They do not fit into the normal shipping containers.

An out of gauge manifest will show the details of such cargo including its dimensions, weights, etc.

Examples for out of gauge cargo are blades of wind turbines, construction machinery, automobile trailers, etc.

Export Manifest and Import Manifest

Both the export and import manifest are the same as a cargo manifest. When it is submitted to the port customs at the time of the vessel’s sailing out of the port it is called an export manifest. The manifest that is provided to the port customs prior to or upon arrival of a vessel to the port is the import manifest. The requirement for the submission of these manifests varies from port to port. However, the most common requirement is to submit the export manifest to the port customs prior to the sailing of the vessel from the load port. For the import manifest, the general requirement is for it to be submitted to the port customs of the destination port when the vessel leaves the last foreign port of call prior to landing at the port of discharge.

Most of the port customs of the world are strict about the submission of cargo manifests. Failure to abide by the requirements may result in goods not being allowed to be loaded on the vessel or offloaded from it.

It is the carrier agent at the port of loading who usually prepares the cargo manifest. This agent may send a copy of the cargo manifest to his counterparts at the destination ports so that they may submit it to their respective port customs. Other than this, the consignees are informed of the arrival of their respective cargoes by the carrier’s agents at the discharge ports, upon receipt of the cargo manifest from the load port.

The cargo documentation can be said to be complete once the final cargo manifest is uploaded on the ocean carrier’s computer system. To avoid further changes to the cargo manifest, the vessel’s cargo system is locked after a certain period from the time of setting sail from the port of loading.

Can the Cargo Manifest be Changed?

Shipping companies have the occasional customer who wants to change some details of his shipped cargo. However, can this be done? What are the implications?

Port customs around the world are generally strict about making changes to the cargo manifest. This is because changes to certain details would call for changes to customs duties, etc.

Hence, changes to quantities, type of goods, HS codes, rates, etc. are usually not allowed. Customs authorities in certain ports impose a fine on corrections that can be made. There are also set deadlines after which changes are not allowed.

Changes to a cargo manifest may be made using a cargo manifest corrector option online. This form may also be filled offline and submitted in some cases.

It is prepared by the carrier agent at the port of loading and transmitted to the agent at the destination port, who gives it to the customs authorities there. The carrier agent will charge a manifest corrector fee for such corrections.

Automated Cargo Manifest

The port customs of countries like the United States, Canada, Japan, China, etc. require the manifest of a vessel to be submitted through the Automated Manifest System (AMS). Details of cargo carried on a vessel are required to be entered and uploaded in the AMS within the time-frames set by the authorities.

With increased vigilance for preventing terrorism, drug-smuggling, and other unlawful activities authorities impose large fines when the rules for submission of a vessel’s cargo manifest to the AMS are not followed.

Sometimes shippers do not show the correct quantities of their cargo for escaping customs fees or charges. Failure to follow the rules or in maintaining the accuracy of cargo records can also result in the seizure of the cargo.

In exports and imports, it is mandatory to submit the manifests through proper channels such as the Automated Manifest System or otherwise, following the proper time-frames set by the authorities.

More and more countries have resorted to digitalizing maritime transactions to prevent fraud and manipulations. These days, evolving and fail-safe technologies help to monitor and record such transactions.

Cargo Manifest and Bill of Lading

The cargo manifest is sometimes confused with the bill of lading issued by the vessel operator or its agent. A cargo manifest is a single consolidated list of the multiple bills of lading and details of the cargo that are listed on them. On the other hand, a vessel operator may issue several bills of ladings to each of its customers.

A bill of lading is an acknowledgement by the carrier for the receipt of cargo onboard their vessel whereby it undertakes to transport it from point A to point B. Bill of ladings may be negotiable or non-negotiable.

To sum it up, the cargo manifest has all the information relating to the cargo except its freight charges. The freight manifest has the details that are contained in the cargo manifest, as well as the freight charges of these cargoes.

A reefer manifest will show the details of all the reefer containers carried on the ship. The hazardous cargo manifest shows details of the hazardous cargo on the ship while an out of gauge (OOG) manifest will list the details of all the cargo that are out of gauge and carried on the ship.